Black Holes Evaporate: Hawking’s Boldest Idea Explored

Stephen Hawking:

When I first suggested that black holes might not be entirely black, many physicists were skeptical—some even thought I had gone mad. But science is not about preserving comfort; it is about seeking truth.

Black holes, once thought to be eternal prisons from which nothing could escape, may instead radiate away their mass, shrinking until they vanish. This idea, which became known as Hawking radiation, wasn’t just a tweak to black hole theory. It was a window—a way to glimpse the unification of gravity and quantum mechanics.

In these conversations, you’ll hear leading minds wrestle with the implications: Does information survive black hole evaporation? What happens to time at the event horizon? Can gravity and quantum theory ever truly speak the same language?

It is my hope that, by continuing to ask these questions, we edge closer to a complete understanding of the universe—and of ourselves within it.

 (Note: This is an imaginary conversation, a creative exploration of an idea, and not a real speech or event.)

Topic 1: “Do Black Holes Really Disappear?”

Moderator: Martin Rees
Speakers: Roger Penrose, Kip Thorne, Brian Greene, Sabine Hossenfelder, Sean Carroll

👤 Martin Rees (Moderator):

Stephen once joked that black holes are stranger than fiction—and he meant it. His 1974 revelation that black holes radiate wasn’t just surprising, it was revolutionary. Today, we ask: Do black holes really disappear? Let's begin with this…

❓ “If black holes evaporate over time, where does all the matter and energy they swallowed actually go?”

Kip Thorne:
It’s carried away as Hawking radiation, but the deeper mystery is what’s encoded in that radiation. Classically, the information is lost—but quantum mechanics forbids such loss. That tension led to decades of debate, and we still don’t have full consensus.

Sabine Hossenfelder:
Let’s be precise—yes, black holes radiate, but the information problem is unresolved. If the radiation is purely thermal, it contains no information. That violates quantum theory. If it’s not thermal, how is information encoded? We don’t yet know.

Sean Carroll:
What’s likely is that information escapes in subtle correlations within Hawking radiation. But recovering that information is not practical. From our perspective, the black hole "disappears" and takes its secrets with it—unless we solve quantum gravity.

Roger Penrose:
I have a different view. I’ve proposed that information might genuinely be lost—though controversial, it's not impossible. General relativity and quantum mechanics are in conflict here. Evaporation is real, but whether it’s final is still under question.

Brian Greene:
The string theory perspective suggests information is preserved—maybe stored on the event horizon, or released gradually. This is where holography enters. The black hole may disappear, but not without a trace. Reality’s bookkeeping is perfect.

❓ “What are the biggest consequences if black holes do completely vanish?”

Sabine Hossenfelder:
It would be a violation of unitarity, a bedrock of quantum mechanics. That means we’d need to rethink quantum theory itself. If black holes really disappear without trace, then nothing in the universe is ever truly safe from total erasure.

Roger Penrose:
We’d need to accept that nature has a fundamental asymmetry—some processes erase information. That’s radical, but maybe necessary. I’ve worked on conformal cyclic cosmology, where black holes do vanish, creating seeds for new universes.

Brian Greene:
It redefines our understanding of time and memory. A universe where information can vanish is profoundly unstable. It introduces unpredictability not just in theory, but in how we frame cause and effect.

Kip Thorne:
There’s a practical concern too: if evaporation removes black holes, what happens to their role in galaxy evolution? Over billions of years, this could shape the fate of cosmic structures. Their disappearance is more than academic.

Sean Carroll:
It also touches on entropy and the arrow of time. Black holes represent maximum entropy objects. If they fade, do they reduce entropy? Or increase it subtly through radiation? It challenges our view of thermodynamic finality.

❓ “What would finally prove that Hawking radiation exists—and black holes vanish?”

Brian Greene:
We’d need to detect it directly, perhaps from a primordial black hole. That’s tough—Hawking radiation is incredibly weak. But if one exploded in our cosmic neighborhood, its radiation profile would be unmistakable.

Kip Thorne:
A more realistic path is through analog experiments—like fluid systems mimicking event horizons. We’ve already seen hints of Hawking-like radiation in labs. While indirect, they validate the concept.

Sabine Hossenfelder:
Detection is hard because stellar-mass black holes radiate so slowly. But if we find a small black hole evaporating—or even discover evaporated remnants—that would be evidence. Until then, it’s still theoretical.

Sean Carroll:
We might also gain clues from quantum gravity theories. If a full theory predicts Hawking radiation as a necessity—and it aligns with all other observations—that gives us strong indirect proof.

Roger Penrose:
Perhaps we’ve misunderstood what radiation is. If our models of space-time geometry shift—say, through twistors or conformal methods—Hawking radiation might emerge as a byproduct of deeper geometry. Then, the "proof" becomes conceptual rather than observational.

Closing Thoughts – Martin Rees:

What Hawking gave us was not just an equation—it was a new way to think about reality. That black holes could die, that information might not be eternal, and that gravity and quantum theory must one day reconcile. Whether they disappear or not, black holes have already shown us that nothing in the universe is ever as simple as it seems.

Topic 2: “Where Quantum Meets Gravity: The Edge of Physics”

Moderator: Brian Greene
Reason: As a leading string theorist, brilliant communicator, and author of The Elegant Universe, Greene brings clarity to complex theory while deeply respecting Hawking’s legacy.

Speakers:

• Juan Maldacena
• Edward Witten
• Lisa Randall
• Leonard Susskind
• Carlo Rovelli

Brian Greene (Moderator):

Stephen Hawking showed that quantum theory can whisper through the veil of gravity. But we still lack a complete picture. So I ask: When the fabric of space-time itself is unstable, what new physics might emerge? Let’s start here…

❓ “What is the biggest challenge in unifying quantum mechanics with general relativity?”

Lisa Randall:
The two frameworks speak entirely different languages. Quantum mechanics deals in probabilities and discrete events; general relativity describes smooth, continuous space-time. Making them mesh is like trying to combine a symphony with digital code.

Carlo Rovelli:
General relativity isn’t broken. It’s beautiful. But quantum theory treats space-time as a fixed background—something general relativity refuses to allow. Loop quantum gravity tries to quantize space itself, but the core problem is: what is time?

Leonard Susskind:
The main hurdle is information. Gravity warps space-time, and black holes seem to erase data. But quantum mechanics insists on perfect information preservation. That clash isn’t a technical glitch—it’s a message we don’t yet understand.

Edward Witten:
Mathematically, it’s an issue of scale and smoothness. Quantum fields fluctuate wildly, but gravity smooths them out. String theory offers a way forward by replacing point particles with strings—it softens those infinities. But we need experimental proof.

Juan Maldacena:
One key difficulty is that gravity responds to energy, and energy is everywhere in quantum fields. Any attempt to unify the two forces us to rethink geometry itself. That’s why the AdS/CFT duality matters—it suggests space-time may be emergent.

❓ “How has Hawking’s work influenced modern approaches to quantum gravity?”

Carlo Rovelli:
Profoundly. Hawking made it unavoidable to bring quantum theory into gravitational contexts. His radiation discovery is one of the only quantum effects we expect from gravity. It’s a crack in the wall—one we still peer through.

Edward Witten:
Hawking’s insight into black hole thermodynamics showed us that gravity and entropy are deeply linked. It inspired entire generations of physicists to seek out quantum gravity. Even string theory owes part of its momentum to that revelation.

Lisa Randall:
Hawking made black holes active laboratories—not dead ends. His work helped birth ideas like brane worlds and extra dimensions. If radiation can escape a black hole, maybe more can emerge from “hidden” gravity effects.

Leonard Susskind:
We were opponents at first—Stephen believed information was lost. I argued it wasn’t. But our debate ignited the black hole information paradox, which still drives today’s thinking. Without Hawking, we’d be decades behind.

Juan Maldacena:
The holographic principle—closely tied to Hawking’s work—is foundational today. It suggests that what happens in a volume of space may be encoded on its boundary, just as Hawking showed radiation arises at the event horizon. That’s revolutionary.

❓ “What might a true theory of quantum gravity ultimately reveal about the nature of reality?”

Leonard Susskind:
That space and time are not fundamental. They’re built from something deeper—entanglement, information, or other quantum stuff. Gravity might be a thermodynamic effect of microscopic bits of information rearranging.

Lisa Randall:
It may tell us that what we call ‘reality’ is just a low-energy limit. Like a rainbow coming from raindrops and sunlight, the universe we see might emerge from something completely unseeable—extra dimensions, hidden symmetries.

Juan Maldacena:
We might discover that space-time is holographic—an emergent illusion from quantum entanglement. It’s possible we’ll stop thinking of gravity as a force at all, and instead as a manifestation of underlying structure.

Edward Witten:
A true theory would likely unify all forces—gravity, electromagnetism, nuclear forces—into one framework. But even more, it would teach us what the universe is made of at its deepest level. Strings? Loops? Something else? The math will guide us.

Carlo Rovelli:
It could change how we understand consciousness, time, and cause itself. If time is not fundamental, then change may be an illusion. Perhaps events are primary, and everything else is secondary. Quantum gravity will not just rewrite physics—it will rewrite our place in the cosmos.

Closing Thoughts – Brian Greene:

Stephen Hawking didn’t just ask questions—he shattered walls between worlds. Between the infinitely small and the infinitely massive. Between what we see and what we dream. And if we’re lucky, this journey to unify gravity and quantum theory will not only explain black holes—it may explain why anything exists at all.

Topic 3: “Black Holes, Information, and the Fate of the Universe”

Moderator: Sean Carroll
Reason: Carroll is a respected cosmologist and a gifted communicator who’s written extensively about the black hole information paradox, entropy, and the arrow of time. His clarity, wit, and deep understanding make him ideal to lead this high-stakes conversation.

Speakers:

• Stephen Hawking (via archival insights)
• John Preskill
• Andy Strominger
• Veronika Hubeny
• Natalie Wolchover

Sean Carroll (Moderator):

Let’s dive into the central tension between relativity and quantum theory—the black hole information paradox. If Hawking was right about black holes evaporating, and quantum theory is right about preserving information… then where does it go? Let’s begin here:

❓ “If black holes erase information, what does that mean for the rest of physics?”

John Preskill:
It breaks unitarity, the core principle of quantum mechanics. That’s like saying a jigsaw puzzle could dissolve into mist and never come back. If true, everything we think we know about how particles behave would need rewriting.

Natalie Wolchover:
It’s not just a physics problem—it’s a storytelling problem. Science relies on being able to trace cause and effect. If black holes erase information, we’re left with gaps in the story, and that undermines predictability itself.

Andy Strominger:
It would suggest that some events are truly final, beyond recall. That’s a radical claim. But Hawking himself revised his view late in life—he eventually believed information escapes, albeit subtly. The implications go far beyond black holes.

Stephen Hawking (archival):
“Information appears to be lost in black holes, but that contradicts quantum theory. I now believe the information is not lost, but rather it is returned in a highly scrambled form as the black hole evaporates.”

Veronika Hubeny:
This paradox is the stress test of physics. If black holes destroy information, then maybe quantum mechanics only works in certain regimes. Or perhaps spacetime itself is an approximation. Either way, we’re missing something big.

❓ “If information is preserved, how might it escape a black hole?”

Andy Strominger:
That’s the million-dollar question. Our team has explored soft hair theory—the idea that black holes have subtle quantum ‘hairs’ encoding information. These aren’t classical features but quantum imprints at the event horizon.

John Preskill:
It might escape through entanglement—what we call ‘purified radiation.’ The information could be encoded in complex correlations between emitted particles. It’s like whispering a secret across the universe, one bit at a time.

Veronika Hubeny:
Holography gives us a clue. If a black hole’s interior is encoded on its boundary, as the AdS/CFT correspondence suggests, then the information never really enters the black hole—it’s always on the outside, just hard to read.

Stephen Hawking (archival):
“If you feel you are in a black hole, don’t give up. There’s a way out.”
He came to support the idea that event horizons are apparent, not absolute, and that information escapes, though in a chaotic, unreadable form.

Natalie Wolchover:
The challenge is observational. These ideas are mathematically rich, but we haven’t seen Hawking radiation yet. The information may be there, but we lack the tools to decode it—or the patience to wait billions of years to try.

❓ “What does this tell us about the ultimate fate of the universe?”

Veronika Hubeny:
It implies the universe is informationally complete. Nothing is ever lost, only transformed. That idea is deeply comforting—and also terrifying. It means every action, every quantum whisper, is permanently etched into the cosmic ledger.

John Preskill:
If black holes do evaporate and release all their information, then the universe doesn’t forget. That would make time reversible at its core. The arrow of time we experience may be an illusion born of entropy, not fundamental law.

Stephen Hawking (archival):
“I regard it as a triumph of science that we have found a way to preserve information.”
To him, solving this paradox meant more than just saving physics—it meant the universe itself had a deeper rationality than chaos.

Andy Strominger:
It pushes us toward a theory of everything. If information survives black hole evaporation, then we must find the thread that ties quantum fields, spacetime geometry, and thermodynamics into one cohesive reality.

Natalie Wolchover:
It reminds us how fragile our assumptions are. Black holes started as mathematical oddities. Now they define the limits of what we know. If they can evaporate and still preserve information, perhaps the universe is even more elegant—and more strange—than we imagined.

Closing Thoughts – Sean Carroll:

The information paradox is no longer just a paradox—it’s a portal. It reveals that space and time may not be as real as we thought. That boundaries aren’t where things end, but where mysteries begin. And if Hawking’s legacy teaches us anything, it’s that the greatest discoveries lie just beyond the edge of what we dare to believe.

Topic 4: “Time, Entropy, and the Arrow of Black Holes”

Moderator: Carlo Rovelli
Reason: Rovelli is a theoretical physicist known for questioning the nature of time itself. His relational view of physics and deep insights into loop quantum gravity make him an ideal guide for this profoundly reflective discussion.

Speakers:

• Lee Smolin
• James Hartle
• Max Tegmark
• Marina Cortês
• Carlo Rovelli (moderating)

Carlo Rovelli (Moderator):

We often treat time as a straight line, moving from past to future. But black holes challenge that. They twist time, freeze it at horizons, and perhaps—erase our understanding of direction altogether. So let me ask…

❓ “What do black holes teach us about the arrow of time?”

Max Tegmark:
They show that entropy governs direction. A black hole is the most entropic object we know—it’s like a cosmic trash compactor for information. That tells us time’s arrow might just be entropy increasing, nothing more fundamental than that.

James Hartle:
Stephen and I worked on this. In the Hartle-Hawking no-boundary proposal, time emerges from a timeless state at the beginning of the universe. Black holes reinforce this: they seem timeless from outside, but within, time ends at the singularity.

Marina Cortês:
They challenge the causal order of events. Inside a black hole, space and time swap roles—what was ‘time’ outside becomes ‘space’ inside. This makes the arrow of time coordinate-dependent, not universal.

Lee Smolin:
To me, black holes confirm that time is real and fundamental, not emergent. If we treat time as an illusion, we miss how black holes change over time. The paradoxes show we don’t yet understand how change works in the deepest way.

Carlo Rovelli (answering briefly):
I think time is not a thing that flows—it’s a relation between events. Black holes remind us that what is past for one observer may be future for another. There is no single, universal ‘now.’

❓ “Is entropy the true driver behind what we perceive as time?”

Marina Cortês:
Entropy gives us the illusion of irreversibility. But I think something deeper is at play—possibly causal sets, discrete events building reality from the bottom up. Time might not flow because of entropy—it may flow because of causation.

Max Tegmark:
Absolutely. Our universe is evolving from a low-entropy state at the Big Bang. That asymmetry creates everything we experience as ‘before’ and ‘after.’ Entropy isn’t a symptom—it’s the clock itself.

James Hartle:
Entropy plays a big role, yes, but the quantum wave function of the universe is more fundamental. The universe could evolve in time-symmetric ways—but we experience only one branch, one direction. That experience is entropy-driven.

Lee Smolin:
I disagree that entropy is fundamental. We don’t have a good quantum theory of gravity yet. Until we do, we’re missing the mechanism that gives time its direction. Entropy may be an effect, not a cause.

Carlo Rovelli:
Entropy defines what’s more probable, not what’s inevitable. In thermodynamics, the past is always better defined than the future. Black holes deepen that asymmetry: they grow but don’t shrink. That’s the clearest arrow of all.

❓ “Could our concept of time collapse completely at the quantum-gravitational level?”

James Hartle:
Yes, and in fact, it must. At the Planck scale, time may not exist. The equations that describe the quantum universe don’t even include time as a parameter. That’s a hard truth for humans to absorb.

Lee Smolin:
No. Time is too fundamental. If we remove time, we lose causality, evolution, and science itself. Quantum gravity should deepen our understanding of time, not erase it.

Max Tegmark:
I think time is a useful illusion—a psychological artifact. At the deepest level, the universe may just be a mathematical object. What we call ‘now’ is just our position in that structure.

Marina Cortês:
We need to reframe the debate. Instead of asking “does time exist,” we should ask, “how does time emerge from quantum events?” In my work, I treat time as something that accumulates with every irreversible moment.

Carlo Rovelli:
We cling to time because we live inside it. But black holes show that time can be warped, slowed, frozen. At the quantum level, we must accept that change is primary, and time—as we know it—is only one way to describe it.

Closing Thoughts – Carlo Rovelli:

Black holes are not just cosmic abysses—they are mirrors to our assumptions. About time, reality, causality. When we stare into them, we see not endings, but the limits of our imagination. Stephen Hawking’s greatest gift was showing that even time can be questioned—and that in physics, nothing is sacred but curiosity.

Topic 5: “The Legacy of Stephen Hawking: What Comes Next?”

Moderator: Neil deGrasse Tyson
Reason: Tyson interviewed Hawking, admired him deeply, and has the public voice to bridge physics and the broader world. He brings passion, clarity, and deep respect to conversations about legacy and future vision.

Speakers:

• Michio Kaku
• Martin Rees
• Abhay Ashtekar
• Avi Loeb
• Neil deGrasse Tyson (moderating)

Neil deGrasse Tyson (Moderator):

Stephen Hawking once said, “Look up at the stars and not down at your feet.” His ideas reshaped modern cosmology and inspired millions. Today, we ask: What does his legacy leave us—and where are we headed?

❓ “What do you believe was Stephen Hawking’s most profound contribution?”

Martin Rees:
It was his ability to connect black hole physics and thermodynamics—two worlds no one thought could mix. Hawking radiation changed everything. But equally important was his courage: confronting the unknown from a wheelchair, with clarity and wit.

Avi Loeb:
Hawking showed that bold thinking can shape scientific reality. He didn’t shy from controversial ideas—like black hole evaporation, or even alien life. That courage to ask dangerous questions? That’s his greatest legacy.

Michio Kaku:
He united the two pillars of modern physics—quantum theory and general relativity—in ways no one had imagined. Hawking radiation forced physicists to confront contradictions. Without him, string theory and quantum gravity would be decades behind.

Abhay Ashtekar:
Hawking's contribution lies in making quantum gravity an urgent pursuit. His work on singularities, entropy, and event horizons turned abstract problems into physical realities we must understand. He set a path forward for loop quantum gravity as well.

Neil deGrasse Tyson (brief answer):
For me, it was how he communicated—he made black holes dinner-table conversation. He made theoretical physics human. That matters as much as any equation.

❓ “What are the next frontiers that Hawking’s ideas have opened?”

Michio Kaku:
The next leap is a Theory of Everything—string theory, M-theory, or something new. Hawking nudged us closer by revealing the cracks in the current models. Those cracks are where breakthroughs will happen.

Avi Loeb:
I believe his thinking pushes us toward observational cosmology. Whether it’s Hawking radiation, wormholes, or technosignatures—his questions urge us to look outward, not just inward.

Martin Rees:
We’ll see progress on quantum information and cosmology. Hawking’s paradox sparked serious work in holography and entanglement. That could reshape our grasp of the early universe, and possibly even multiverse models.

Abhay Ashtekar:
Loop quantum gravity is evolving because of what he exposed. The singularity theorems and black hole evaporation made clear that spacetime itself needs quantization. That’s the next great challenge—replacing geometry with something deeper.

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
And in science communication, we’re building on his legacy too. He proved that ideas can transcend disability, complexity, and even time. That sets a precedent not just for research—but for humanity.

❓ “What message should young physicists take from Hawking’s life and work?”

Abhay Ashtekar:
That even when the body is limited, the mind has no boundary. He showed what’s possible through focus, humility, and vision. Young scientists should chase clarity—not complexity.

Michio Kaku:
That physics is not just about math—it’s about wonder. Hawking was a dreamer. He didn’t just solve equations, he asked why. That spirit is what we need more of.

Martin Rees:
Be fearless. Challenge orthodoxy. Ask if the emperor has no clothes. Hawking did that with the information paradox. Young physicists must do the same with AI, dark matter, and the cosmos.

Avi Loeb:
Look where others won’t. Dare to be wrong. Hawking once admitted his bet on black holes was mistaken. That humility is essential. Science isn’t about ego—it’s about truth.

Neil deGrasse Tyson:
Hawking’s life shows that physics is not reserved for the chosen few—it belongs to anyone curious enough to ask impossible questions. His legacy is not just in equations—it’s in permission to wonder.

Closing Thoughts – Neil deGrasse Tyson:

Stephen Hawking once rolled onto a stage, looked at the stars on the ceiling, and said, “My goal is simple: a complete understanding of the universe.” What he gave us wasn’t that final answer—but a flashlight. He showed us where to look. And reminded us that no black hole, no barrier—not even time itself—can extinguish the fire of human curiosity.

Final Thoughts by Stephen Hawking

People often ask me if black holes are dangerous. My answer is that they are essential—not because they consume stars, but because they challenge our understanding of everything.

When we explore the strange frontier where time stops and space curls in upon itself, we are also confronting the limits of human knowledge. And when we dare to believe that information might escape from the darkest place in the cosmos, we are making a statement not just about physics—but about hope.

Remember, even if you find yourself in a black hole, don’t give up. There is always a way out—through thought, through discovery, through imagination. The universe may not be made for comfort, but it is made for questioning.

And that is where the real light is found.

Short Bios:

Roger Penrose

Mathematical physicist and Nobel laureate known for his work on singularities and the geometry of spacetime. Co-developed the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems.

Kip Thorne

Theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner specializing in black holes and gravitational waves. Co-founder of LIGO and science advisor for Interstellar.

Brian Greene

String theorist and bestselling author of The Elegant Universe. Known for making complex physics accessible to the public through books and documentaries.

Sabine Hossenfelder

Theoretical physicist and science communicator. Critically analyzes the foundations of physics and is the author of Lost in Math.

Sean Carroll

Cosmologist and author focused on quantum mechanics, time, and entropy. Host of Mindscape podcast and professor at Johns Hopkins University.

Juan Maldacena

Renowned for the AdS/CFT correspondence, a key insight in quantum gravity that suggests spacetime is holographically encoded.

Edward Witten

Mathematical physicist and Fields Medalist. A leading figure in string theory and quantum field theory.

Lisa Randall

Harvard theoretical physicist known for her work on extra dimensions, brane cosmology, and particle physics.

Leonard Susskind

One of the founders of string theory and a central figure in the black hole information paradox debate.

Carlo Rovelli

Physicist and founder of loop quantum gravity. Advocate for the relational view of time and author of The Order of Time.

Stephen Hawking

Legendary cosmologist who discovered that black holes emit radiation. His work redefined our understanding of gravity, time, and the universe.

John Preskill

Quantum physicist at Caltech. Coined “quantum supremacy” and debated Hawking on the information paradox.

Andy Strominger

Theoretical physicist who collaborates on quantum gravity and black hole entropy. Co-developed soft hair theory with Hawking.

Veronika Hubeny

Expert in black hole thermodynamics and holography. Known for advancing the understanding of information in curved spacetime.

Natalie Wolchover

Award-winning science writer for Quanta Magazine. Known for making deep theoretical physics engaging and accessible.

Lee Smolin

Theoretical physicist at Perimeter Institute. Advocate of time as fundamental and co-founder of loop quantum gravity.

James Hartle

Collaborator with Hawking on the “no-boundary” proposal. Expert in quantum cosmology and the origin of time.

Max Tegmark

Physicist and cosmologist at MIT. Proponent of the mathematical universe hypothesis and multiverse theories.

Marina Cortês

Cosmologist focused on causal time and the quantum origin of the universe. Challenges conventional views of temporal direction.

Carlo Rovelli

(Also Moderator of Topic 4; see earlier bio.)

Michio Kaku

Futurist and co-founder of string field theory. Known for making cutting-edge science accessible through media and books.

Martin Rees

UK Astronomer Royal and leading cosmologist. Longtime colleague of Hawking and expert on black holes and the early universe.

Abhay Ashtekar

Pioneer of loop quantum gravity and Ashtekar variables. Developed new approaches to quantum spacetime.

Avi Loeb

Astrophysicist and provocateur. Known for bold ideas on extraterrestrial life, cosmic origins, and future cosmology.

Neil deGrasse Tyson

Astrophysicist and science popularizer. Known for Cosmos reboot and inspiring millions through his accessible style.