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Welcome, everyone! Today, we’re diving into a fascinating and urgent conversation about the future of artificial intelligence, its impact on global economies, and the profound ethical challenges it presents.
This imaginary discussion is inspired by the thought-provoking interview between Elon Musk and Tucker Carlson, where they explored these very topics in depth.
Our panel today will expand on those ideas, examining AI’s potential to drive economic growth, its role in shaping equality, and the governance challenges we face in this rapidly evolving landscape. Get ready for an extraordinary discussion that will push the boundaries of how we think about technology and its role in our future. Let’s dive in!

Political Manipulation and the Threat to Democracy
Nick Sasaki: Welcome, everyone. Today’s discussion will focus on a critical issue: political manipulation and the potential threat to democracy. We're joined by Elon Musk, Tucker Carlson, Andrew Yang, Noam Chomsky, and Ben Shapiro. Let's start by exploring the question: Is democracy in the U.S. truly at risk, and if so, what are the key drivers of this threat?
Tucker Carlson: Thanks, Nick. I’d say democracy is absolutely at risk, and one of the primary drivers is the manipulation of information by the media and political elites. You have a system where narratives are controlled, dissent is silenced, and voters are misled. The mainstream media operates as a mouthpiece for the Democratic Party, pushing their agenda while vilifying anyone who opposes it. This isn’t just about biased reporting; it’s about creating a one-party state where dissent is punished.
Elon Musk: I agree, Tucker. We’re seeing more centralized control of information than ever before. With platforms like X (formerly Twitter), we’re trying to push back against that by enabling free speech. But it's an uphill battle. Algorithms and media corporations are designed to feed people curated information that reinforces their biases. It’s getting harder for individuals to think critically when the system itself is working to control what they see and hear. This could eventually lead to a situation where democracy is more of an illusion than reality.
Noam Chomsky: I’d argue this isn’t new. The media has always served the interests of those in power—whether it's the political elites or corporate interests. What’s changed is the scale. Digital platforms and big data have made it easier to manipulate public opinion. But let’s not forget that the U.S. political system itself is fundamentally flawed. The two-party system restricts genuine democratic participation. What we’re seeing now is just a more sophisticated form of control that’s been in place for decades.
Andrew Yang: Right, Noam. And I think technology is accelerating that control. On one hand, it’s empowering because people have more access to information than ever before, but on the other hand, that access can be manipulated through algorithms, as Elon pointed out. If you combine that with gerrymandering, voter suppression, and the influence of money in politics, it’s no wonder people feel like their voices don’t matter. The data shows declining trust in institutions across the board, and that’s a dangerous sign for any democracy.
Ben Shapiro: I think one of the most overlooked issues is the role of cultural institutions in shaping political outcomes. Universities, Hollywood, and tech companies are overwhelmingly left-leaning, and they set the narrative that everyone else follows. When you have these cultural gatekeepers pushing one perspective, it creates a climate where opposing viewpoints are not just ignored—they're demonized. If you can't have a real debate, how can you have a functioning democracy? Free speech is under attack, and without it, democracy can’t survive.
Nick Sasaki: Elon, you’ve been vocal about protecting free speech on social media platforms. Do you think the threat to free speech is as dire as Ben suggests, and how does it tie into the broader issue of political manipulation?
Elon Musk: Absolutely. Free speech is the cornerstone of any functioning democracy. Without it, people can't challenge authority or hold leaders accountable. The danger is that platforms can be pressured to suppress certain viewpoints, either by governments or by activists who claim to represent moral authority. This is happening right now. If you create an environment where people are afraid to speak their minds, you effectively stifle any meaningful democratic participation. That's why we're fighting to keep X as a platform where people can express diverse viewpoints without fear of being silenced.
Tucker Carlson: The issue is even broader than free speech. It's about how deeply ingrained these systems of control are. We have a political class that’s more concerned with maintaining power than representing the will of the people. They use media, social platforms, and even the education system to push a narrative that ensures they stay in control. And anyone who threatens that, whether it’s Trump or Musk, is vilified. It’s no longer just about debate; it's about suppression.
Andrew Yang: That’s why I’ve been pushing for systemic reforms, like ranked-choice voting and campaign finance reform. We need to open up the political system to more voices. Right now, it’s not just the media and tech that are manipulating the narrative; the structure of the system itself is broken. We’ve reached a point where the interests of the average American aren’t represented, and without changes, people are going to lose faith in democracy altogether.
Noam Chomsky: I’d say that people losing faith in democracy is not just a future possibility—it’s already happening. Voter turnout is abysmal, and for good reason. The system is rigged in favor of the wealthy and powerful. The entire political process has become a spectacle designed to distract the public from the real issues. It’s bread and circuses, just with more advanced technology. The challenge now is whether people can reclaim democratic control or whether this system of control continues to solidify.
Ben Shapiro: And if it continues, you’ll have what we’re already seeing in places like California—a one-party state where the only contest is within the Democratic primary. That’s not a democracy. That’s oligarchy. If we don’t address these cultural and political imbalances now, we’re heading towards a future where real choice doesn’t exist, and democracy becomes a shell.
Nick Sasaki: So, to bring this full circle, it seems like we’re all agreeing that the manipulation of media, culture, and technology is threatening democracy, but the solutions are more complex. How do we start reclaiming that democratic control?
Elon Musk: It begins with ensuring free speech and transparency, especially on digital platforms. People need the tools to question what they’re being told and the freedom to express those questions without fear.
Andrew Yang: And alongside that, we need structural reforms—ranked-choice voting, open primaries, and campaign finance reform—to make sure the system is more representative.
Tucker Carlson: It also requires calling out the political elites who are rigging the system. If we don’t shine a light on that, nothing changes.
Noam Chomsky: People have to recognize the long-term nature of this battle. It’s not just about one election cycle. We need grassroots movements to reclaim control over the media and the political process.
Ben Shapiro: And finally, we need a cultural shift—people have to wake up and realize that free speech and open debate are not optional in a democracy. They are essential.
Nick Sasaki: Thank you, everyone. This conversation on political manipulation and the future of democracy has been incredibly enlightening. Let’s continue the dialogue, and hopefully, inspire others to think critically about these challenges.
AI's Role in Economic Growth and Global Equality
Nick Sasaki: Let’s now explore how AI is reshaping economic growth and its potential to bridge—or widen—global inequality. With us, we have Donald Trump, whose policies have focused on driving economic growth and protecting jobs. Elon, why don’t we start with you? How do you see AI affecting global economic systems and job markets?
Elon Musk: AI will be a major driver of economic productivity, but it also poses a risk to jobs across many sectors. Automation powered by AI is replacing traditional jobs in manufacturing, logistics, and even high-skill areas like software development. While it increases efficiency and reduces costs, it also creates challenges. We need to think about how to retrain people for jobs that machines can’t do. Universal basic income could be one solution, but we need to explore other avenues to ensure that the benefits of AI are distributed fairly.
Donald Trump: I’ve always said we need to protect American jobs. AI is a powerful tool, but we need to make sure it doesn’t put millions of Americans out of work. One of the things we need to focus on is ensuring that AI innovation happens here, in America. We can lead the world in AI technology, but we have to do it while protecting our workers. That means investing in job training, keeping industries strong, and not letting other countries take advantage of our AI advancements. We’ve seen in manufacturing and tech what happens when jobs go overseas—AI has to benefit the American worker first.
Nick Bostrom: That’s a valid point, but I would add that AI has global implications. If we focus only on national interests, we may overlook the potential for AI to widen inequality between rich and poor nations. Advanced economies will have access to cutting-edge AI, while developing nations could fall further behind. This could create a world where the economic benefits of AI are concentrated in a few regions, exacerbating global inequality. International cooperation is key to ensuring that AI technology benefits all nations, not just the wealthiest.
Yuval Noah Harari: I agree with Nick. AI has the potential to create immense wealth, but without proper governance, it could deepen existing inequalities both within and between countries. Wealthy countries and large corporations will have access to the best AI systems, while poorer nations may struggle to keep up. This could lead to a new form of global imbalance, where AI becomes a tool of economic domination. We need to develop global frameworks that allow smaller economies to benefit from AI without being left behind or exploited by more powerful actors.
Shoshana Zuboff: We also need to consider how the economic power generated by AI could concentrate in the hands of a few corporations. Companies that control the AI-driven data economy already wield enormous influence, often without accountability. This isn’t just about job displacement; it’s about the monopolization of economic power. The wealth created by AI must be distributed in ways that empower individuals and protect their rights, rather than reinforcing corporate dominance.
Nick Sasaki: Donald, you’ve focused heavily on national economic growth, but how do you think America’s AI development can fit into this global conversation on equality?
Donald Trump: Well, I believe that by making America strong, we help set an example for the world. We can lead in AI innovation, create jobs, and bring manufacturing back. But we also have to be smart about who controls the AI. It’s not just about global cooperation—it’s about making sure countries like China don’t use AI to take advantage of the U.S. economy or steal our technology. We can work with other countries, but we have to make sure it’s on America’s terms, to protect our interests first.
Elon Musk: I think that’s a valid concern, but it’s also important to remember that AI is not constrained by borders. The problems we face with AI—whether it’s job displacement, economic inequality, or geopolitical competition—are global in nature. Yes, America should lead, but we also need to be part of a broader global solution. Otherwise, we risk creating an AI-driven world where only a few benefit.
Nick Bostrom: Exactly, Elon. The challenge here is ensuring that AI is not just a tool for economic growth, but also for reducing inequality, both nationally and globally. AI could help solve major problems like poverty, education gaps, and healthcare disparities if we use it wisely. But if it’s left unchecked, it could widen the gap between the rich and poor, both within countries and between them.
Yuval Noah Harari: I would also add that AI has the potential to destabilize economies if we don’t handle it carefully. Massive job loss from automation, combined with AI-driven inequality, could lead to social unrest and political instability. We need to think long-term about how to integrate AI into the global economy in a way that enhances human life and dignity, rather than creating a world of economic winners and losers.
Shoshana Zuboff: And part of that integration involves putting checks on the power of corporations that control AI. If we don’t regulate the way AI-generated data is used in the economy, we’ll see a growing divide between those who control the data—and therefore the wealth—and the rest of society. Economic growth doesn’t mean much if it only benefits a select few while leaving everyone else behind.
Nick Sasaki: It seems clear that AI will be a powerful driver of economic change, but the challenge is ensuring that it doesn’t come at the cost of equality or fairness. As we wrap up, what would each of you say is the most important action we can take to balance AI’s role in driving economic growth while ensuring global and national equality?
Elon Musk: We need global cooperation on AI governance. The development of AI can’t just be driven by competition between nations or corporations. We need to establish shared standards and goals for how AI can benefit everyone, not just a few powerful players.
Donald Trump: We need to protect American jobs and industries first. That means focusing on training workers for the AI-driven future and ensuring that AI development happens here, not in other countries. We can lead the world in AI and still protect our people.
Nick Bostrom: I’d say international cooperation is crucial, but so is investing in AI safety research. We need to ensure that AI systems are developed in ways that benefit all of humanity, and that requires a collective effort from both governments and the private sector.
Yuval Noah Harari: We need a global framework for managing AI’s impact on the economy. Without that, we risk deepening inequality, not just between rich and poor countries, but also within societies. AI should be a tool for enhancing human life, not for creating new economic divisions.
Shoshana Zuboff: My focus would be on regulating the data economy. If we don’t put limits on how AI can use and monetize personal data, we’ll see a growing concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a few corporations. AI needs to serve the public good, not just private interests.
Nick Sasaki: Thank you, everyone. It’s clear that AI will profoundly shape the future of economies, both in terms of growth and equality. The real question is whether we can harness this te
Global Governance and AI: Impacts on Democracy and Freedom
Nick Sasaki: Welcome, everyone. Today, we’re going to tackle a topic that’s at the intersection of technology, power, and governance: how AI is shaping global governance, impacting democracy, and the future of freedom. With us are Elon Musk, Yuval Noah Harari, Shoshana Zuboff, Klaus Schwab, and Noam Chomsky. To begin, how do you see AI influencing global governance and democracy?
Elon Musk: AI has the potential to fundamentally change the power structures we’ve known for centuries. It can be used to empower citizens by improving transparency and reducing inefficiencies in government, but it can also be used to create authoritarian regimes that control and surveil populations more effectively than ever. The risk is that governments and large corporations will use AI to increase their control over citizens, and in some cases, this could lead to a one-party state or even global governance that strips away individual freedoms.
Yuval Noah Harari: I agree. We are at a turning point in history where the tools of AI could lead to either the most oppressive regimes we've ever seen or more accountable, transparent forms of government. AI can be used to manipulate citizens on an unprecedented scale, subtly influencing elections and undermining democracy. But it could also be a tool for decentralization, allowing people more say in how they are governed through digital platforms and AI-powered decision-making systems.
Shoshana Zuboff: The concern I have is rooted in what I call "surveillance capitalism." We are already seeing how big tech companies are using AI to gather enormous amounts of data on individuals, often without their consent. This data can then be used to manipulate behavior, not just in terms of consumerism but also politically. The convergence of AI, data collection, and the profit motive could fundamentally undermine democracy by creating a system where the most powerful corporations and governments know more about us than we know about ourselves.
Klaus Schwab: AI is certainly a double-edged sword in terms of governance. It can improve the efficiency and fairness of global systems, but it also introduces new risks. At the World Economic Forum, we’ve been exploring how AI can be used to address global challenges, like climate change and inequality, through better governance models. However, we must ensure that these technologies are developed within a framework that respects human rights and freedom.
Noam Chomsky: AI is merely a tool, but the concern lies in who controls that tool. Throughout history, we’ve seen that technological advancements often end up serving the interests of the powerful rather than the broader public. AI can be used to monitor and suppress dissent, especially in authoritarian states. The question is whether democratic systems can hold onto their values in the face of such a powerful and pervasive technology.
Nick Sasaki: Elon, you’ve warned about AI being used to create a surveillance state. How do you see that playing out globally? Could AI shift the balance of power between governments and citizens?
Elon Musk: Absolutely. AI can be a massive enabler of surveillance. The ability to process vast amounts of data in real time means that governments or corporations could track every movement, conversation, and transaction a person makes. In authoritarian regimes, this power could be used to crush dissent before it even happens. The technology to do this already exists in many ways; it’s just a question of how it’s deployed. The more AI integrates into governance, the more potential there is for it to be used as a tool for control.
Yuval Noah Harari: We need to remember that AI doesn’t need to kill people to control them—it just needs to know them better than they know themselves. With enough data, AI can predict and influence people’s decisions, not by force but by shaping the options they believe they have. This could lead to a situation where democratic choices become an illusion because the AI knows how to manipulate public opinion so effectively. The real danger is not just surveillance but the subtle erosion of free will.
Shoshana Zuboff: That’s exactly the issue. We are already living in a time when our choices are being shaped by algorithms designed by corporations to maximize profit. The next step is these same algorithms being used to shape our political choices. And when you combine that with government power, the result could be a system that seems democratic on the surface but is completely controlled behind the scenes by those with the most data.
Klaus Schwab: This is why regulation and global cooperation are so crucial. We need to ensure that AI technologies are developed in a way that promotes freedom and democracy, not undermines them. This is not just a national issue; it’s a global one. AI has no borders, and if one country uses it to gain an advantage in controlling its citizens, others may follow. We need to set global standards that ensure AI works for everyone, not just a select few.
Noam Chomsky: But the reality is that the powerful often set the rules in their favor. Regulation can only go so far if those making the laws are also benefiting from AI’s control mechanisms. What we need is a grassroots movement that insists on democratic oversight of AI technologies. The people must demand transparency and accountability, or we risk AI becoming another tool for elites to further consolidate their power.
Nick Sasaki: Yuval, you’ve talked about the concept of "hacking humans" using AI. How does that impact governance and democracy?
Yuval Noah Harari: The ability to hack humans is one of the most profound threats AI poses to democracy. By hacking, I mean understanding people better than they understand themselves—knowing what triggers their fears, desires, and decisions. AI can then be used to manipulate elections, influence policy decisions, and even decide which ideas rise to the top. It’s not about rigging elections in the traditional sense; it’s about rigging the minds of voters.
Elon Musk: Exactly. This is why we need to be extremely cautious about how AI is integrated into governance. If AI is controlled by governments or corporations with their own agendas, it can be used to subtly influence society in ways that are almost invisible. It’s not just about surveillance or force; it’s about controlling the narrative and manipulating reality.
Shoshana Zuboff: And it’s already happening. We’ve seen how social media algorithms can spread misinformation and shape public opinion. The next step is governments and corporations using AI to deepen that influence in more sophisticated ways. Democracy depends on informed citizens, but AI could create a situation where the information people receive is tailored to influence their decisions in ways they don’t even realize.
Klaus Schwab: This is why transparency is key. We need to ensure that AI systems, particularly those involved in governance, are open to public scrutiny. Citizens should know how AI is being used and have a say in how it shapes their lives. Otherwise, we risk losing the very foundations of democracy.
Nick Sasaki: As we conclude this discussion, what would each of you suggest as the most important step we should take to prevent AI from undermining democracy and freedom?
Elon Musk: We need global oversight and regulation. AI is too powerful to be left unchecked, and without global cooperation, it will be used in ways that undermine freedom and democracy.
Yuval Noah Harari: Education is key. People need to understand how AI works and how it can be used to manipulate them. A well-informed citizenry is the best defense against AI being used as a tool of control.
Shoshana Zuboff: Transparency. We need to demand that AI systems, especially those used by governments and corporations, operate in a fully transparent way. Only then can we ensure that they are serving the public, not manipulating it.
Klaus Schwab: International cooperation. AI is a global issue, and it requires a global response. We need to work together to set standards that protect freedom and democracy for everyone, not just the privileged few.
Nick Sasaki: Thank you all for your insights. The future of AI in governance is uncertain, but it’s clear that how we choose to regulate and implement it will determine the future of democracy and freedom worldwide. This is a conversation that must continue.
AI and the Future of Work: Meaning, Automation, and Human Purpose
Nick Sasaki: Welcome, everyone. Today, we’ll explore how AI will impact the future of work, automation, and what that means for human purpose and meaning in the workplace. With us are Elon Musk, Andrew Yang, Esther Duflo, Ray Kurzweil, and David Graeber. To start, how do you all see AI reshaping the future of work?
Elon Musk: AI will automate many jobs, some of which are repetitive, dangerous, or simply inefficient for humans to perform. This can lead to a future where people don’t have to work unless they want to, freeing up human potential for more creative, innovative, or fulfilling tasks. But this transition poses significant risks. If handled poorly, it could lead to mass unemployment, inequality, and societal unrest.
Andrew Yang: That’s why I’ve been advocating for a universal basic income (UBI) as part of this transition. The fact is, millions of jobs—especially in sectors like manufacturing, transportation, and retail—are at risk of being replaced by AI and automation. UBI would give people a financial cushion and allow them to explore new ways of finding meaning outside traditional work. We have to rethink the idea that work is the primary source of human dignity and purpose.
Esther Duflo: Automation certainly presents challenges, especially in developing countries where labor is still a central part of the economy. We can’t ignore the global disparities in how AI will affect different regions. While automation may liberate workers in wealthy nations, it could exacerbate inequality in poorer countries, where access to new technologies and social safety nets like UBI is far more limited.
Ray Kurzweil: I tend to be optimistic about the future of work. Historically, technological advances have created new types of jobs and industries that we couldn’t have imagined before. AI will eliminate many jobs, yes, but it will also create new opportunities, especially in fields we haven’t even conceived of yet. The challenge is preparing people for that shift—through education and retraining—and ensuring that AI enhances human creativity rather than just replacing manual tasks.
David Graeber: The problem is that many of the jobs we have today are what I’ve called "bullshit jobs"—work that doesn’t really need to be done but exists to justify a bureaucracy or maintain the current economic order. If AI automates away a lot of these jobs, we could potentially see a better world. But we need to decouple work from survival. People shouldn’t have to justify their existence through labor that doesn’t have any real value. That’s why I think UBI is essential, but it also requires a broader cultural shift in how we view work and purpose.
Nick Sasaki: Elon, you’ve mentioned the idea of people finding more meaningful activities once AI takes over repetitive jobs. What do you envision for the future of human purpose in a post-AI work environment?
Elon Musk: I think it’s crucial that people have the freedom to pursue things they find meaningful, whether that’s artistic creation, scientific exploration, or solving complex problems. AI can take care of the mundane, freeing us to focus on what makes us truly human. The key will be how we organize society to allow people to pursue those things without the fear of poverty or survival dominating their choices.
Andrew Yang: I agree with that vision, but the challenge is that most people define themselves by their work. We need a massive cultural shift to get people to see value outside of traditional employment. That’s why a system like UBI isn’t just about providing financial security—it’s about giving people space to redefine what gives them meaning. We’re talking about a world where the primary question is no longer, "What do you do for a living?" but rather, "What do you care about?"
Esther Duflo: And we must be careful not to leave behind those who lack access to education or technology. In many parts of the world, people rely on jobs for survival, and even in wealthier countries, many people are not equipped to transition into more creative or intellectual pursuits. Governments and global institutions must invest in education and retraining programs, not just in high-tech industries but in any fields where people can find fulfillment and meaning.
Ray Kurzweil: Education will definitely play a key role. I see AI as enhancing human potential. As AI gets better at doing things we don’t want to do, we can focus on problem-solving, exploration, and creativity. Think of the renaissance that could occur if people weren’t bogged down by the need to earn a living doing menial tasks. The critical element will be ensuring access to the tools and opportunities AI provides, so the benefits are broadly shared.
David Graeber: But we need to also question the entire structure of our economy. So much of what we do is based on maintaining systems of hierarchy and control. AI could be a liberation tool if we use it to break down those hierarchies and rethink our relationship with work altogether. But if we continue to treat people as cogs in a machine, AI will just exacerbate the inequalities we already have.
Nick Sasaki: Esther, you’ve spoken about global disparities in how AI might affect the workforce. How should we address these inequalities, especially in developing countries?
Esther Duflo: We need global cooperation to ensure that the benefits of AI and automation aren’t confined to wealthy countries. This means making technology accessible, but also rethinking international labor markets. We may need to create new economic systems that provide for those who are displaced by automation, especially in regions where governments don’t have the resources to implement safety nets like UBI. This requires both investment in education and in the infrastructure that supports new industries.
Andrew Yang: That’s why UBI could be a global solution as well, not just for wealthy nations. We need to think about a global system where technological advances don’t leave millions behind in poverty, but instead provide a basic level of financial security for everyone, regardless of where they live. This will require a lot of international cooperation, but it’s essential for creating a world where AI benefits everyone.
Ray Kurzweil: AI could even be used to create more equitable distribution systems. With the right algorithms, we could predict where resources are needed most and allocate them efficiently. But again, we need to ensure that these systems are designed to serve humanity, not just corporate or government interests.
David Graeber: I think the problem goes beyond just access to technology. It’s about rethinking what we value in society. If we continue to see economic growth as the ultimate goal, we’ll just keep creating more meaningless jobs to justify that growth. We should instead focus on creating systems that allow people to flourish in ways that aren’t tied to traditional economic metrics. That’s the real challenge.
Nick Sasaki: As we conclude this discussion, what is one key takeaway you believe is crucial for shaping the future of work in a world where AI plays an increasing role?
Elon Musk: We need to ensure that AI serves humanity, not the other way around. If we can do that, we can create a future where people are free to pursue their passions and solve meaningful problems.
Andrew Yang: UBI is essential. It’s not just a safety net; it’s a way to ensure people have the freedom to redefine work and purpose in an AI-driven world.
Esther Duflo: We need to invest in education and infrastructure globally to ensure that the benefits of AI are shared by everyone, not just a privileged few.
Ray Kurzweil: AI should be seen as a tool to enhance human creativity and potential. The challenge is making sure that we prepare people for the new opportunities that will emerge.
David Graeber: We need to rethink the very idea of work. AI can be a liberating force, but only if we stop treating labor as the foundation of human value and start building societies that value people for who they are, not what they do.
Nick Sasaki: Thank you all for your insights. It’s clear that AI will reshape the future of work, but whether that future is one of liberation or inequality depends on the choices we make today. The conversation about AI and the future of work must continue as we navigate this complex transition.
AI, Ethics, and the Future of Human Flourishing
Nick Sasaki: Welcome, everyone. Today we’re diving into a critical discussion on AI, ethics, and how AI could shape—or threaten—the future of human flourishing. With us are Elon Musk, Nick Bostrom, Yuval Noah Harari, Shoshana Zuboff, and Martha Nussbaum. Let’s start by examining the ethical frameworks that need to be established to ensure AI benefits humanity. Elon, you’ve been vocal about the potential risks of AI. Where do you see the biggest ethical challenges?
Elon Musk: The greatest risk with AI is creating something so powerful that it surpasses human intelligence and then falls into the wrong hands, or worse, operates independently with objectives that don’t align with human well-being. I’ve stressed the importance of building AI systems that are truth-seeking and aligned with human values. But the issue is, what values do we program into these systems, and how do we ensure they remain aligned over time?
Nick Bostrom: That’s a key point. In my work, I’ve explored the concept of the “control problem”—how we can ensure that highly advanced AI systems remain under human control and act in ways that benefit us, rather than causing harm. The problem is, as AI becomes more sophisticated, it might develop goals or motivations that are entirely alien to us, or it might interpret human commands in ways that have disastrous unintended consequences. We need to think about AI in terms of long-term safety, which is why I support global regulation and cooperation on AI development.
Yuval Noah Harari: The ethical challenge with AI goes beyond control—it’s about how AI will reshape human identity and society. AI isn’t just a technological tool; it’s becoming a force that could redefine what it means to be human. The rise of AI could lead to a world where humans are no longer the dominant species, or even worse, where humans become obsolete in the labor market, in decision-making, and in social structures. We must ask, what does it mean for human dignity when AI can surpass our intelligence and capabilities?
Shoshana Zuboff: My concern is focused on the data-driven power dynamics emerging with AI. We’re seeing a new form of capitalism that I call “surveillance capitalism,” where AI systems collect, analyze, and profit from our personal data in ways that undermine democracy and human autonomy. This creates a world where powerful corporations control not just markets, but also our very perceptions of reality. The ethical question here is: Who controls the AI, and how do we prevent it from becoming a tool for domination and exploitation?
Martha Nussbaum: From a philosophical standpoint, we need to ensure that AI development doesn’t erode human capabilities, particularly the capability for meaningful choice and agency. Aristotle spoke of eudaimonia, or human flourishing, which requires more than just survival—it requires the ability to make ethical decisions, engage in creative work, and form meaningful relationships. The ethical frameworks we build around AI must protect these capabilities and promote human flourishing, not just in material terms but in emotional and intellectual terms as well.
Nick Sasaki: Elon, you’ve talked about instilling human values into AI. How do we balance the need for technological advancement with the ethical concerns that everyone here has raised?
Elon Musk: It’s a difficult balance. I’ve always said that AI should be beneficial, but defining what “beneficial” means is tricky. Different cultures, political systems, and individuals have different values. We need an international consensus on AI ethics, and we need to ensure that these systems are designed to prioritize human well-being, not just efficiency or profitability. Transparency in AI development is critical—people should understand how AI systems work and be able to challenge them if necessary.
Nick Bostrom: That’s where global cooperation comes in. AI doesn’t respect national boundaries, so we need international agreements, much like we have for nuclear weapons, to regulate AI. But beyond that, we need to create fail-safes—ways to shut down or control AI systems if they go off track. This requires careful planning and significant investment in AI safety research, which is currently underfunded relative to the scale of the risks involved.
Yuval Noah Harari: We also need to think about how AI affects political systems and the distribution of power. AI has the potential to centralize power in the hands of a few tech giants or governments, creating authoritarian regimes that control people not through force, but through data manipulation and surveillance. This is why democracy itself is at stake with the rise of AI, and we must ensure that AI supports democratic values rather than undermining them.
Shoshana Zuboff: Exactly, Yuval. The real threat isn’t just that AI could go rogue; it’s that AI, under the control of powerful interests, is already undermining democracy and human autonomy. We need to establish laws that limit the extent to which AI can invade our privacy, manipulate our behavior, or undermine our freedoms. Regulation of AI should prioritize protecting citizens from exploitation, not just ensuring technological progress.
Martha Nussbaum: I agree. At the heart of this conversation is the need to protect human dignity. AI can be a tool for enhancing human capabilities, but only if we use it wisely. We must design AI systems that respect human freedom and promote well-being. This means embedding ethical reasoning into AI, ensuring that it can make decisions that reflect the values of justice, equality, and human rights. If AI becomes a tool of oppression or diminishes our ability to make meaningful choices, then we’ve failed to guide it in a direction that supports human flourishing.
Nick Sasaki: It seems we’re all converging on the idea that ethics, transparency, and human-centered values must be foundational to AI development. Elon, how do you envision this balance being maintained, especially with the rapid pace of AI advancement?
Elon Musk: The pace is a big challenge. AI is advancing faster than most people realize, and I’ve often said that we need to move carefully. The problem is, companies are driven by competition and profit, so without regulation, there’s a risk they’ll prioritize speed and capability over safety and ethics. This is why I’ve pushed for regulatory oversight, not to stifle innovation, but to ensure that the innovation we pursue benefits humanity in the long run. AI can be incredibly powerful for solving problems—whether it's climate change, healthcare, or energy—but only if it’s guided by the right values.
Nick Bostrom: And those values need to be agreed upon globally. We can’t have different countries or corporations each pursuing their own vision of AI with no accountability. We need something akin to the Geneva Conventions for AI—binding international agreements that set ethical standards and define clear limits on what AI can be used for, especially in areas like surveillance, warfare, and manipulation of public opinion.
Yuval Noah Harari: Exactly. If we don’t regulate AI at the international level, we’re going to see a global arms race—not just in military AI, but in AI’s role in shaping economies, societies, and even individual consciousness. Whoever controls the most advanced AI could control the future. This is why it’s so important to have democratic oversight and global cooperation, to prevent AI from becoming a tool of totalitarian control.
Shoshana Zuboff: We also need to consider the role of corporations in this. Right now, AI is largely being driven by the private sector, and corporations are collecting unprecedented amounts of data on individuals. This data isn’t just being used to sell products—it’s being used to shape our behavior, often without our knowledge or consent. If we don’t put limits on how AI and data are used, we risk creating a world where human autonomy is gradually eroded, where our choices are made for us by algorithms we don’t understand.
Martha Nussbaum: That’s a profound concern. Human autonomy is essential for dignity and flourishing. If AI systems are making decisions for us—whether it’s about what news we see, what products we buy, or even how we think about politics—then we’re losing something essential. We need to make sure that AI is a tool we use, not a force that controls us. This means ensuring that AI enhances our ability to think critically, make informed choices, and engage meaningfully with the world around us.
Nick Sasaki: It sounds like what we’re really talking about is building an AI-driven future that upholds human dignity and freedom. As we wrap up, I’d like to hear each of your thoughts on what the most urgent priority should be in shaping AI’s role in the future of humanity.
Elon Musk: I think the most urgent priority is establishing global agreements on AI ethics and safety, and ensuring that AI remains under human control. We need to focus on building AI systems that align with human values and can be trusted to operate safely in the long term. If we don’t, we risk losing control over something that could be far more powerful than we are.
Nick Bostrom: I agree with Elon. We need to focus on the control problem—how do we ensure that as AI becomes more advanced, it remains aligned with human interests? That requires significant research into AI safety, as well as international cooperation to establish norms and regulations that guide AI development in a safe and ethical direction.
Yuval Noah Harari: I would emphasize the need for democratic oversight. AI is going to reshape every aspect of society, from the economy to politics to our personal lives. If we don’t have democratic control over AI, we risk creating a world where a small elite controls the future while the rest of us become increasingly powerless. This is about more than just technology—it’s about the future of human freedom.
Shoshana Zuboff: My priority is addressing the power imbalances created by AI and data-driven capitalism. We need laws that protect people’s privacy, autonomy, and rights in the digital age. AI shouldn’t be used as a tool for corporate or governmental control—it should be used to enhance human well-being and democracy. We must ensure that AI serves the public good, not just private interests.
Martha Nussbaum: The most urgent priority, in my view, is making sure that AI development promotes human flourishing in the fullest sense. We need to design AI systems that support human capabilities—our ability to make choices, to engage in meaningful work, to form relationships, and to live with dignity. AI should be a tool for enhancing our lives, not diminishing them.
Nick Sasaki: Thank you all for your insights. It’s clear that AI will shape the future of human civilization, but it’s up to us to decide what kind of future that will be. The challenges are immense, but so are the opportunities if we guide AI development with wisdom, ethics, and a commitment to human dignity.
Short Bios:
Elon Musk is the CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, and founder of X (formerly Twitter). Known for his visionary approach to technology, Musk has pioneered advancements in electric vehicles, space exploration, and artificial intelligence. His work seeks to push the boundaries of human potential and revolutionize industries.
Nick Bostrom is a philosopher and AI expert known for his research on existential risk and the future of artificial intelligence. As the director of the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, Bostrom focuses on the ethical implications of advanced AI, urging humanity to consider long-term consequences and safety measures.
Yuval Noah Harari is a historian and author, best known for his bestsellers Sapiens and Homo Deus. His work explores the evolution of humankind and the future of humanity in the face of technological and biological revolutions, particularly how AI might reshape societies and economies.
Shoshana Zuboff is a Harvard Business School professor and author of The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. She has written extensively on the implications of AI and big data, particularly focusing on how technology affects democracy, privacy, and power in the digital age.
Donald Trump is the 45th President of the United States and a prominent businessman. Known for his strong opinions on job creation, economic nationalism, and AI's potential impact on industry, Trump has championed policies aimed at protecting American workers and advancing technological leadership.
Stuart Russell is a professor of computer science at UC Berkeley and a leading expert in AI and machine learning. He is a key advocate for creating safe and beneficial AI systems, emphasizing the need for strong governance and ethical frameworks to prevent misuse.
Joseph Stiglitz is a Nobel Prize-winning economist and former Chief Economist of the World Bank. His research focuses on inequality, globalization, and the role of government policy in shaping economic outcomes, especially how AI could impact global inequality and labor markets.
Kate Crawford is a leading researcher in AI and machine learning, co-founder of the AI Now Institute, and author of Atlas of AI. Crawford focuses on the social and ethical implications of AI, particularly its impact on labor, inequality, and governance.
Michio Kaku is a renowned theoretical physicist and futurist, known for his work in popularizing science and technology. His vision of the future often includes the integration of AI with human development, exploring the potential benefits and risks of such advances.
Sam Harris is a neuroscientist, philosopher, and author known for his work on consciousness, ethics, and the implications of AI. Harris frequently addresses the existential risks posed by artificial intelligence and the philosophical challenges it presents.
Marianne Williamson is an author, spiritual teacher, and former presidential candidate. Known for her teachings on love, healing, and social transformation, she explores how technology, including AI, should be aligned with human values of compassion and ethics.
Tim Urban is a writer and creator of the popular blog Wait But Why. Urban is known for his deep dives into complex topics like AI, future technologies, and human consciousness, offering accessible explanations on how these forces may shape the future of humanity.
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